SAKSHAM PHARMACEUTICALS INDIA LIMITED

 » About Us

 A pharma marketing company is making waves across the industry with an impact which is not difficult to take notice. Founded in January 2008 by Mr. ANKUR JAIN, MD Chairman, a person with extensive experience in pharma sales and marketing, production and finance, it all started with the burning desire to help the fellow brethren of our motherland with quality products, they can trust and at the same time affordable to the masses, the organization has entered the highly competitive field of pharma by storm. Within a short span of time, company has made its presence felt, not only in Delhi but whole of NCR. Today the desire stands transformed into reality and we have established ourselves as the leading marketing entity with ISO 9001: 2008 certification . We are backed by untiring efforts to maintain continuity of highest standards in quality manufacturing and our products have found excellent acceptance by the medical profession and satisfied the users by offering excellent results at reasonable prices. The organization has made leaps and bound progress and starting with nothing, today the company markets more than forty products , practically covering all segments of medicine including anti-biotics, anti-oxidants, cardiovasculars, anti-allergics ,digestive/gastro range, cough syrups, multi vitamins / neutraceuticals and analgesics and more… .

 The company has recently launched an excellent range of injectables , paediatric range and wide range of skin and derma products.

  » Goals and target 2011 -2012:

i. Doubling up of field staff by mid financial year and at least grow ten times in terms of turnover. ACHIEVED

 ii. Adding at least forty more brands (i.e. double, its current range of products) which cut across all segments of medicines.
ACHIEVED (added nearly sixty more brands)

 iii. add anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and psychiatry range within the year 2012 in addition to the skin and dermatology range of products.
 ACHIEVED (in addition to all these started with new paediatric range

 iv. Currently, the company is outsourcing its product manufacturing from excise free zone. The company has vision of making its own manufacturing unit operable by 2012. This will help grow the company to make its presence felt in the national and international pharma marketing.
ACHIEVED (company will start manufacturing it's own medicines by October ,2012

 v. The company envisions its marketing team as one of the best and handsomely paid personnel’s. The company believes that people associated with Saksham Pharmaceuticals should progress very fast in both financial and technical capacities.
providing salaries which are industry best (with additional perks/incentives)

vi. Wants to foray into making of quality and at the same time, cost-efficient product range with the wider view of our nation targeting at least the northern Indian Territory by the end of 2011.
Company has wide presence in  national capital region

 » EXCELLENT MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 

As a result of our effective distribution network and marketing network, company has made vast growth in last financial year. Last year results propelled the company in a fast track mode with major achievements as : More than hundred, brand and company loyal Doctor Network.
More than fifty major brands emerging as fast moving brands.
Excellent availability of brands in and around Delhi & ncr, Western Uttar Pradesh & Haryana. Building up an image of quality conscious company in products, people and services.
Building up revenue-giving, strong marketing network in Delhi & NCR.
The Company has already entered into injectables market with salts like Piperacillin + Tazobactum, tobramycin, Amikacin, Pantaparozole, Cefoperazone + Subactam and MEROPENEM as grand success.

» Mission

Achieving Healthcare professional’s satisfaction & delivering products which enable people to live healthier, happier, active & stress free life is the core purpose of our business.
To provide world-class healthcare products & service in India.
To make the latest research molecules reach the remotest areas in India at an affordable price.
To generate employment potential for the youth of the country and employ them in a gainful manner and to thereby contribute towards all round prosperity of the nation.
 To surge ahead by riding the crest of innovation in formulations.
To serve mankind in under developed countries.

» Vision

 To bridge therapeutic gaps through innovative products and thereby help the medical fraternity in generating versatility in disease management.
 To establish new standards in management of quality in medicine.
To become a front-runner pharmaceutical company in India by acquiring leadership position in various therapy segments.
 To make our presence in International Market by competing in quality, service and cost effectiveness.

ADWIMOX-CV 625MG TABLETS

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets: Each tablet contains co-amoxiclav 500/125.

The amoxicillin is present as amoxicillin trihydrate and the clavulanic acid is present as potassium clavulanate.

PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets:

1 Therapeutic indications
ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets is indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adults
• Acute bacterial sinusitis (adequately diagnosed)
• Acute otitis media
• Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (adequately diagnosed)
• Community acquired pneumonia
• Cystitis
• Pyelonephritis
• Skin and soft tissue infections in particular cellulitis, animal bites, severe dental abscess with spreading cellulitis.
• Bone and joint infections, in particular osteomyelitis.

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

Posology and method of administration
Doses are expressed throughout in terms of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid content except when doses are stated in terms of an individual component.

The dose of ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets that is selected to treat an individual infection should take into account:

• The expected pathogens and their likely susceptibility to antibacterial agents
• The severity and the site of the infection
• The age, weight and renal function of the patient as shown below.

The use of alternative presentations of ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets (e.g. those that provide higher doses of amoxicillin and/or different ratios of amoxicillin to clavulanic acid) should be considered as necessary (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).

For adults and children >40 kg, this formulation of ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets provides a total daily dose of 1500 mg amoxicillin/375 mg clavulanic acid, when administered as recommended below. The duration of therapy should be determined by the response of the patient. Some infections (e.g. osteomyelitis) require longer periods of treatment. Treatment should not be extended beyond 14 days without review (see section 4.4 regarding prolonged therapy).

Adults and children > 40 kg
One 500 mg/125 mg dose taken three times a day.

Children < 40 kg Not Recommended Elderly No dose adjustment is considered necessary. Renal impairment Dose adjustments are based on the maximum recommended level of amoxicillin. No adjustment in dose is required in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 30 ml/min. Adults and children > 40 kg
CrCl: 10-30 ml/min
500 mg/125 mg twice daily
CrCl < 10 ml/min 500 mg/125 mg once daily Haemodialysis 500 mg/125 mg every 24 hours, plus 500 mg/125 mg during dialysis, to be repeated at the end of dialysis (as serum concentrations of both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are decreased) Hepatic impairment Dose with caution and monitor hepatic function at regular intervals (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). Method of administration ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets is for oral use. Administer at the start of a meal to minimise potential gastrointestinal intolerance and optimise absorption of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Therapy can be started parenterally according the SPC of the IV-formulation and continued with an oral preparation. 3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substances, to any of the penicillins or to any of the excipients. History of a severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction (e.g. anaphylaxis) to another beta-lactam agent (e.g. a cephalosporin, carbapenem or monobactam). History of jaundice/hepatic impairment due to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (see section 4.8). 4 Special warnings and precautions for use Before initiating therapy with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, careful enquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins or other beta-lactam agents (see sections 4.3 and 4.8). Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactoid) reactions have been reported in patients on penicillin therapy. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity and in atopic individuals. If an allergic reaction occurs, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid therapy must be discontinued and appropriate alternative therapy instituted. In the case that an infection is proven to be due to an amoxicillin-susceptible organisms(s) then consideration should be given to switching from amoxicillin/clavulanic acid to amoxicillin in accordance with official guidance. This presentation of ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets is not suitable for use when there is a high risk that the presumptive pathogens have reduced susceptibility or resistance to beta-lactam agents that is not mediated by beta-lactamases susceptible to inhibition by clavulanic acid. This presentation should not be used to treat penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. Convulsions may occur in patients with impaired renal function or in those receiving high doses (see section 4.8). Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should be avoided if infectious mononucleosis is suspected since the occurrence of a morbilliform rash has been associated with this condition following the use of amoxicillin. Concomitant use of allopurinol during treatment with amoxicillin can increase the likelihood of allergic skin reactions. Prolonged use may occasionally result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. The occurrence at the treatment initiation of a feverish generalised erythema associated with pustula may be a symptom of acute generalised exanthemous pustulosis (AGEP) (see Section 4.8). This reaction requires ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets discontinuation and contra-indicates any subsequent administration of amoxicillin. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic impairment (see section 4.2). Hepatic events have been reported predominantly in males and elderly patients and may be associated with prolonged treatment. These events have been very rarely reported in children. In all populations, signs and symptoms usually occur during or shortly after treatment but in some cases may not become apparent until several weeks after treatment has ceased. These are usually reversible. Hepatic events may be severe and, in extremely rare circumstances, deaths have been reported. These have almost always occurred in patients with serious underlying disease or taking concomitant medications known to have the potential for hepatic effects (see section 4.8). Antibiotic-associated colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents and may range in severity from mild to life threatening (see section 4.8). Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhoea during or subsequent to the administration of any antibiotics. Should antibiotic-associated colitis occur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should immediately be discontinued, a physician be consulted and an appropriate therapy initiated. Anti-peristaltic medicinal products are contra-indicated in this situation. Periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal, hepatic and haematopoietic function is advisable during prolonged therapy. Prolongation of prothrombin time has been reported rarely in patients receiving amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Appropriate monitoring should be undertaken when anticoagulants are prescribed concomitantly. Adjustments in the dose of oral anticoagulants may be necessary to maintain the desired level of anticoagulation (see section 4.5 and 4.8). In patients with renal impairment, the dose should be adjusted according to the degree of impairment (see section 4.2). In patients with reduced urine output, crystalluria has been observed very rarely, predominantly with parenteral therapy. During the administration of high doses of amoxicillin, it is advisable to maintain adequate fluid intake and urinary output in order to reduce the possibility of amoxicillin crystalluria. In patients with bladder catheters, a regular check of patency should be maintained (see section 4.9). During treatment with amoxicillin, enzymatic glucose oxidase methods should be used whenever testing for the presence of glucose in urine because false positive results may occur with non-enzymatic methods. The presence of Clavulanic acid in ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets may cause a non-specific binding of IgG and albumin by red cell membranes leading to a false positive Coombs test. There have been reports of positive test results using the Bio-Rad Laboratories Platelia Aspergillus EIA test in patients receiving amoxicillin/clavulanic acid who were subsequently found to be free of Aspergillus infection. Cross-reactions with non-Aspergillus polysaccharides and polyfuranoses with Bio-Rad Laboratories Platelia Aspergillus EIA test have been reported. Therefore, positive test results in patients receiving amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed by other diagnostic methods. 5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Oral anticoagulants Oral anticoagulants and penicillin antibiotics have been widely used in practice without reports of interaction. However, in the literature there are cases of increased international normalised ratio in patients maintained on acenocoumarol or warfarin and prescribed a course of amoxicillin. If co-administration is necessary, the prothrombin time or international normalised ratio should be carefully monitored with the addition or withdrawal of amoxicillin. Moreover, adjustments in the dose of oral anticoagulants may be necessary (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). Methotrexate Penicillins may reduce the excretion of methotrexate causing a potential increase in toxicity. Probenecid Concomitant use of probenecid is not recommended. Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin. Concomitant use of probenecid may result in increased and prolonged blood levels of amoxicillin but not of clavulanic acid. 6 Pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see section 5.3). Limited data on the use of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid during pregnancy in humans do not indicate an increased risk of congenital malformations. In a single study in women with preterm, premature rupture of the foetal membrane it was reported that prophylactic treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid may be associated with an increased risk of necrotising enterocolitis in neonates. Use should be avoided during pregnancy, unless considered essential by the physician. Lactation Both substances are excreted into breast milk (nothing is known of the effects of clavulanic acid on the breast-fed infant). Consequently, diarrhoea and fungus infection of the mucous membranes are possible in the breast-fed infant, so that breast-feeding might have to be discontinued. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid should only be used during breast-feeding after benefit/risk assessment by the physician in charge. 7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, undesirable effects may occur (e.g. allergic reactions, dizziness, convulsions), which may influence the ability to drive and use machines (see section 4.8). 8 Undesirable effects The most commonly reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. The ADRs derived from clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance with ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets, sorted by MedDRA System Organ Class are listed below. The following terminologies have been used in order to classify the occurrence of undesirable effects. Very common (1/10) Common (1/100 to <1/10) Uncommon (1/1,000 to <1/100) Rare (1/10,000 to <1/1,000) Very rare (<1/10,000) Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) Infections and infestations Mucocutaneous candidosis Common Overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms Not known Blood and lymphatic system disorders Reversible leucopenia (including neutropenia) Rare Thrombocytopenia Rare Reversible agranulocytosis Not known Haemolytic anaemia Not known Prolongation of bleeding time and prothrombin time1 Not known Immune system disorders10 Angioneurotic oedema Not known Anaphylaxis Not known Serum sickness-like syndrome Not known Hypersensitivity vasculitis Not known Nervous system disorders Dizziness Uncommon Headache Uncommon Reversible hyperactivity Not known Convulsions Not known Gastrointestinal disorders Diarrhoea Very common Nausea Common Vomiting Common Indigestion Uncommon Antibiotic-associated colitis Not known Black hairy tongue Not known Hepatobiliary disorders Rises in AST and/or ALT Uncommon Hepatitis Not known Cholestatic jaundice Not known Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Skin rash Uncommon Pruritus Uncommon Urticaria Uncommon Erythema multiforme Rare Stevens-Johnson syndrome Not known Toxic epidermal necrolysis Not known Bullous exfoliative-dermatitis Not known Acute generalised exanthemous pustulosis (AGEP) Not known Renal and urinary disorders Interstitial nephritis Not known Crystalluria Not known 9 Overdose Symptoms and signs of overdose Gastrointestinal symptoms and disturbance of the fluid and electrolyte balances may be evident. Amoxicillin crystalluria, in some cases leading to renal failure, has been observed (see section 4.4). Convulsions may occur in patients with impaired renal function or in those receiving high doses. Amoxicillin has been reported to precipitate in bladder catheters, predominantly after intravenous administration of large doses. A regular check of patency should be maintained (see section 4.4). Treatment of intoxication Gastrointestinal symptoms may be treated symptomatically, with attention to the water/electrolyte balance. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid can be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Combinations of penicillins, incl. beta-lactamase inhibitors; ATC code: J01CR02. Mode of action Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin (beta-lactam antibiotic) that inhibits one or more enzymes (often referred to as penicillin-binding proteins, PBPs) in the biosynthetic pathway of bacterial peptidoglycan, which is an integral structural component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis leads to weakening of the cell wall, which is usually followed by cell lysis and death. Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamases produced by resistant bacteria and therefore the spectrum of activity of amoxicillin alone does not include organisms which produce these enzymes. Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam structurally related to penicillins. It inactivates some beta-lactamase enzymes thereby preventing inactivation of amoxicillin. Clavulanic acid alone does not exert a clinically useful antibacterial effect. PK/PD relationship The time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) is considered to be the major determinant of efficacy for amoxicillin.

Mechanisms of resistance
The two main mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are:
• Inactivation by those bacterial beta-lactamases that are not themselves inhibited by clavulanic acid, including class B, C and D.

• Alteration of PBPs, which reduce the affinity of the antibacterial agent for the target.

Impermeability of bacteria or efflux pump mechanisms may cause or contribute to bacterial resistance, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria.

Breakpoints
MIC breakpoints for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are those of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)

Organism
Susceptibility Breakpoints (μg/ml)

Susceptible
Intermediate
Resistant

Haemophilus influenzae1
1
-
> 1

Moraxella catarrhalis1
1
-
> 1

Staphylococcus aureus 2
2
-
> 2

Coagulase-negative staphylococci 2
0.25
> 0.25

Enterococcus1
4
8
> 8

Streptococcus A, B, C, G5
0.25
-
> 0.25

Streptococcus pneumoniae3
0.5
1-2
> 2

Enterobacteriaceae1,4
-
-
> 8

Gram-negative Anaerobes1
4
8
> 8

Gram-positive Anaerobes1
4
8
> 8

Non-species related breakpoints1
2
4-8
> 8

1 The reported values are for Amoxicillin concentrations. For susceptibility testing purposes, the concentration of Clavulanic acid is fixed at 2 mg/l.

2 The reported values are Oxacillin concentrations.

3 Breakpoint values in the table are based on Ampicillin breakpoints.

4 The resistant breakpoint of R>8 mg/l ensures that all isolates with resistance mechanisms are reported resistant.

5 Breakpoint values in the table are based on Benzylpenicillin breakpoints.


The prevalence of resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species, and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.


Commonly susceptible species

Aerobic Gram-positive micro-organisms

Enterococcus faecalis

Gardnerella vaginalis

Staphylococcus aureus ( methicillin-susceptible)£

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (methicillin-susceptible)

Streptococcus agalactiae

Streptococcus pneumoniae1

Streptococcus pyogenes and other beta-haemolytic streptococci

Streptococcus viridans group


Aerobic Gram-negative micro-organisms

Capnocytophaga spp.

Eikenella corrodens

Haemophilus influenzae2

Moraxella catarrhalis

Pasteurella multocida

Anaerobic micro-organisms

Bacteroides fragilis

Fusobacterium nucleatum

Prevotella spp.

Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem

Aerobic Gram-positive micro-organisms

Enterococcus faecium $


Aerobic Gram-negative micro-organisms

Escherichia coli

Klebsiella oxytoca

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Proteus mirabilis

Proteus vulgaris


Inherently resistant organisms

Aerobic Gram-negative micro-organisms

Acinetobacter sp.

Citrobacter freundii

Enterobacter sp.

Legionella pneumophila

Morganella morganii

Providencia spp.

Pseudomonas sp.

Serratia sp.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Other micro-organisms

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila psittaci

Coxiella burnetti

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

$ Natural intermediate susceptibility in the absence of acquired mechanism of resistance.

£All methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

1Streptococcus pneumoniae that are resistant to penicillin should not be treated with this presentation of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).

2 Strains with decreased susceptibility have been reported in some countries in the EU with a frequency higher than 10%.

2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, are fully dissociated in aqueous solution at physiological pH. Both components are rapidly and well absorbed by the oral route of administration. Absorption of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is optimised when taken at the start of a meal. Following oral administration, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are approximately 70% bioavailable. The plasma profiles of both components are similar and the time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) in each case is approximately one hour.

The pharmacokinetic results for a study, in which amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (500 mg/125 mg tablets three times daily) was administered in the fasting state to groups of healthy volunteers are presented below.


Mean (± SD) pharmacokinetic parameters

Active substance(s) administered
Dose
Cmax
Tmax *
AUC (0-24h)
T 1/2

(mg)
(μg/ml)
(h)
((μg.h/ml)
(h)

Amoxicillin

AMX/CA

500/125 mg
500
7.19

± 2.26
1.5

(1.0-2.5)

53.5

± 8.87
1.15

± 0.20

Clavulanic acid

AMX/CA

500 mg/125 mg
125
2.40

± 0.83
1.5

(1.0-2.0)

15.72

± 3.86

0.98

± 0.12


AMX – amoxicillin, CA – clavulanic acid

* Median (range)

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid serum concentrations achieved with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are similar to those produced by the oral administration of equivalent doses of amoxicillin or clavulanic acid alone.

Distribution
About 25% of total plasma clavulanic acid and 18% of total plasma amoxicillin is bound to protein. The apparent volume of distribution is around 0.3-0.4 l/kg for amoxicillin and around 0.2 l/kg for clavulanic acid.

Following intravenous administration, both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have been found in gall bladder, abdominal tissue, skin, fat, muscle tissues, synovial and peritoneal fluids, bile and pus. Amoxicillin does not adequately distribute into the cerebrospinal fluid.

From animal studies there is no evidence for significant tissue retention of drug-derived material for either component. Amoxicillin, like most penicillins, can be detected in breast milk. Trace quantities of clavulanic acid can also be detected in breast milk (see section 4.6).

Both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have been shown to cross the placental barrier (see section 4.6).


Biotransformation
Amoxicillin is partly excreted in the urine as the inactive penicilloic acid in quantities equivalent to up to 10 to 25% of the initial dose. Clavulanic acid is extensively metabolized in man and eliminated in urine and faeces and as carbon dioxide in expired air.


Elimination
The major route of elimination for amoxicillin is via the kidney, whereas for clavulanic acid it is by both renal and non-renal mechanisms.

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid has a mean elimination half-life of approximately one hour and a mean total clearance of approximately 25 l/h in healthy subjects. Approximately 60 to 70% of the amoxicillin and approximately 40 to 65% of the clavulanic acid are excreted unchanged in urine during the first 6 h after administration of single ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets (500 mg/125 mg . Various studies have found the urinary excretion to be 50-85% for amoxicillin and between 27-60% for clavulanic acid over a 24 hour period. In the case of clavulanic acid, the largest amount of drug is excreted during the first 2 hours after administration.

Concomitant use of probenecid delays amoxicillin excretion but does not delay renal excretion of clavulanic acid (see section 4.5).

Age
The elimination half-life of amoxicillin is similar for children aged around 3 months to 2 years and older children and adults. For very young children (including preterm newborns) in the first week of life the interval of administration should not exceed twice daily administration due to immaturity of the renal pathway of elimination. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

Gender
Following oral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid to healthy males and female subjects, gender has no significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of either amoxicillin or clavulanic acid.

Renal impairment
The total serum clearance of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid decreases proportionately with decreasing renal function. The reduction in drug clearance is more pronounced for amoxicillin than for clavulanic acid, as a higher proportion of amoxicillin is excreted via the renal route. Doses in renal impairment must therefore prevent undue accumulation of amoxicillin while maintaining adequate levels of clavulanic acid (see section 4.2).

Hepatic impairment
Hepatically impaired patients should be dosed with caution and hepatic function monitored at regular intervals.

3 Preclinical safety data
Nonclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on studies of safety pharmacology, genotoxicity and toxicity to reproduction.

Repeat dose toxicity studies performed in dogs with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid demonstrate gastric irritancy and vomiting, and discoloured tongue.

Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tabletsor its components.

PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

Shelf life
ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets
alu-alu pack 24 months

Special precautions for storage
ADWIMOX-CV 625 mg Tablets should be stored in a dry place at 25°C or below.

ADVERT-16

NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
ADVERT- 16 mg tablets

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains 16mg betahistine dihydrochloride.

Therapeutic indications
Betahistine is indicated for the treatment of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss and nausea associated with Ménière´s syndrome.

Posology and method of administration

Dosage for Adults (including the elderly):
Initial oral treatment is 8 to 16 mg three times daily, taken with food.
Maintenance doses are generally in the range 24 - 48 mg daily. Dosage can be adjusted to suit individual patient needs.

Children:
Betahistine tablets are not recommended for use in children. Betahistine efficacy and safety have not been studied in children and adolescents below the age of 18 years.

Contraindications
Betahistine is contraindicated in patients with phaeochromocytoma. As betahistine is a synthetic analogue of histamine it may induce the release of catecholamines from the tumor resulting in severe hypertension.

Also contraindicated are the following:
- Known hypersensitivity to betahistine hydrochloride and/or any other excipient.
- Concurrent use with antihistamines.

Special warnings and precautions for use
Caution is advised in the treatment of patients with peptic ulcer or a history of peptic ulceration, because of the occasional dyspepsia encountered in patients on betahistine.
Caution should be exercised in patients with bronchial asthma.
Caution is advised in prescribing betahistine to patients with either urticaria, rashes of allergic rhinitis, because of the possibility of aggravating these symptoms.

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
There are no proven cases of hazardous interactions.
There is a case report of an interaction with ethanol and a compound containing pyrimethamine with dapsone and another of potentiation of betahistine with salbutamol.
As betahistine is an analogue of histamine, interaction with antihistamines is theoretically possible, but none have been reported.

Pregnancy and lactation
The safety of betahistine in pregnancy has not been fully established, but tests conducted on pregnant rabbits have shown no evidence of teratological effects. Caution is therefore advised when administering betahistine during pregnancy.

Betahistine is excreted in breast milk in concentration similar to those found in plasma. The toxic effects of betahistine in neonates at these concentrations are not known. The use of betahistine should therefore be avoided in patients who are breast feeding.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Rare reports of drowsiness associated with betahistine have been made. Patients should be advised that if they are affected in this way they should avoid activities requiring concentration, such as driving and operating machinery.

Undesirable effects

Immune system disorders
Very rare: skin rashes and pruritus.

Hepatobiliary disorders
Very rare: liver injury after long exposure.

Nervous system disorders
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data): headaches, and occasional drowsiness.

Gastrointestinal disorders
Rare: gastro-intestinal upset, nausea, dyspepsia.

Overdose
The symptoms of betahistine overdose are nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, ataxia and seizures at higher doses. No specific antidote. Gastric lavage and symptomatic treatment are recommended.

Pharmacodynamic properties
Betahistine is an antivertigo preparation, which belongs to the group of miscellaneous drugs that act on the nervous system.

Betahistine´s H1-agonist activity at histamine receptors in peripheral blood vessels has been demonstrated in man by the abrogation of betahistine-induced vasodilation with the histamine antagonist diphenhydramine. Betahistine has minimal effects on gastric acid secretion (an H2-receptor mediated response).

The efficacy of betahistine in the treatment of vertigo may be due to its ability to modify the circulation of the inner ear or due to a direct effect on neurons of the vestibular nucleus.

Single oral doses of betahistine of up to 32 mg in normal subjects produced maximal suppression of induced vestibular nystagmus 3 to 4 hours post-dose, with larger doses being more effective in reducing the nystagmus duration.

Pulmonary epithelial permeability in man is increased by betahistine. This is derived from a reduction in the time of clearance from the lung to blood of a radioactive marker. This action is prevented by oral pre-treatment with terfenadine, a known H1- receptor blocker.

Whilst histamine has positive inotropic effects on the heart, betahistine is not known to increase cardiac output and its vasodilator effect may produce a small fall in blood pressure in some patients.

In man, betahistine has little effect on exocrine glands

Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption
Betahistine is completely absorbed after oral administration, and for fasting subjects, peak plasma concentrations of 14C-labelled betahistine are attained approximately one hour after oral administration.

Distribution
After oral administration of betahistine, its levels in plasma are very low. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic assessment of this drug is based on plasma concentration data of the only known metabolyte, 2-pyridylacetic acid. Little or no binding occurs with human plasma proteins.

Metabolism and elimination
Elimination of betahistine primarly occurs by metabolism in the liver. Subsequently, the metabolites are mainly eliminated by renal excretion. 85-90% of the radioactivity of an 8mg dose appears in urine over 56 hours, with maximum excretion rates reached within 2 hours of administration. There is no evidence of presystemic metabolism, and biliary excretion is not thought to be an important route of elimination for the drug or any of its metabolites.

Preclinical safety data
Repeated dose toxicity studies of six months duration in dogs and 18 months duration in albino rats revealed no clinically relevant harmful effects at dose levels in the range 2.5 to 120 mg.kg –1. Betahistine is devoid of mutagenic potential and there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats. Tests conducted on pregnant rabbits showed no evidence of teratological effects.

Shelf life
The shelf-life of ADVERT- 16 mg tablets is 2 years when stored in the original packing.

Special precautions for storage
Store in the original package.

Nature and contents of container
Alu-Alu packing

Available in packs of 10 tablets.